Bitcoin’s Seven Layers of Security #1 | The Saylor Series | Episode 14 (WiM056)

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so we we've talked about

bitcoin and how it's dematerializing

these critical security functions

traditionally provided by banks

and or governments

and is doing this through this

proof-of-work security model

but you've laid out this framework that

i think is very brilliant and it's you

know proof-of-work has many layers to it

that i guess you would say these are

protecting it from disruption

um so maybe you could just introduce

that model and we could walk through it

sure you know i've called it the seven

layers of security

but i think um

we should start

excuse me

[Music]

start with a fundamental observation

what we're trying to create with bitcoin

is a digital

property network

something that will last for a thousand

years or 10 000 years how do i create

digital property in cyberspace and we

can call it money if we like digital

monetary network or digital property

network

but

what i want is i want a decentralized

network that will last

past the average life expectancy of a

human being

or an institution

or a nation-state

so

how do i do that

well with um

the beauty of proof-of-work is that

the network derives its integrity

from the interplay

of

the miners and the nodes

and the holders or the wallets if you

will

but with a special emphasis on the

miners

what what what do i define as security

well

you know property needs to be optimized

for integrity and durability over time

integrity meaning

the protocol

the protocol can't be corrupted

right can't mutate if the if the

protocol mutates we go from 21 million

to 48 million

you get a

monstrosity so you don't want a mutation

and then i don't want it to die

so

if i said i want to design an immortal

creature something that'll live for a

million years

uh and i want it to maintain its

integrity

then

i've i've got to protect the protocol

and then i've also got a feed it energy

and resources continually

and i'm just going to call that and i

have to protect it from a hostile attack

in the near term

sometimes when we think about security

we think about just

avoiding an attack but really security

is

you can't attack in the near term

we don't want it to die

and and most importantly

if you live

but you go insane

or you or you get a grotesque mutation

then did you really live so how am i

going to achieve

my quest for immortality

in a network

right and and the beauty of proof of

work

is

it is an open protocol

that is darwinian

and and competitive

in a way such that it is not just

self-correcting on the on the protocol

level to ensure correct money

but it's also self-healing

and uh and it's adaptive

to the environment around it

so i went i like to call these the seven

layers of security so what do you have

you have an energy layer

a technology layer

a political layer a financial layer a

network layer a spatial layer and a

temporal layer of energy those seven

seven various dimensions

so let's start with uh the first

dimension of security energy

well i

i have a hash rate

say we've got about a hundred extra hash

right now

well i have to feed it energy in order

to create the 100 extra hash

bitcoin

uh is a big customer of energy

so in fact it turns out the bitcoin is

the most valuable

use of of energy or maybe the most

valuable

most compelling industrial customer of

energy in the world right now

you can generate about 40 cents a

kilowatt hour in revenue

uh mining bitcoin

so

that makes it um

interesting because that co-ops all the

energy industry

so one way that bitcoin spreads and

stays

organically vital

is

it forms partnerships with the energy

industry

if you have a volcano in the middle of

uh central america

the value of that energy sold within 500

miles of you is like one penny

a kilowatt hour

unless you sell it to bitcoin

and it's 40 cents kilohertz

so bitcoin is the best customer for your

volcano it's the bitcoin is a customer

of stranded energy

intermittent energy

uh energy on any frequency

and energy at any scale

and you don't need to be co-located with

the cust with an industrial customer or

a consumer

um

and you don't need bandwidth

so for example um

what's the second best you know use of

energy maybe like running netflix or

google data center

but if you want to run a google data

center

you need to be within

you need to be within a fiber optic

distance of the major switching networks

because you're streaming video and

streaming

a lot of

high bandwidth queries

so they're bandwidth intensive

and they need to be triple redundant

because they need to be uh they can't

fail if you're if you're trying to

operate a car with google maps

you can't afford to have an outage in

the network

so

bitcoin miners

are are so much better than a typical

data center because

you could monetize the entire volcano or

you could monetize the entire waterfall

or the entire nuclear reactor the full

bandwidth of it

you could do it at a north pole

you can do it with a satellite uplink

and you can monetize intermittent energy

coming off of wind or wave or

solar and you can also shut it down in a

heartbeat

with fairly low economic costs so

so that makes bitcoin

the most compelling

technology

for the energy industry that's come

along this decade maybe in a long time

the last big energy technology was

aluminum when people would use

their excess aluminum to or sorry their

excess energy to smelt aluminum

well bitcoin bitcoin rebuilt up and in

spades

to do bitcoin mining you don't need a

port to ship aluminum in and out of

you don't need an aluminum factory which

is difficult and you don't need aluminum

ore

and you also don't need the industrial

demand for aluminum

which eventually saturates aluminum is a

specialty metal

right

so

what is bitcoin bitcoin is money okay so

so half of everything that the human

race has is bitcoin

or will be bitcoin in time so bitcoin

mining is is securing and producing

something which is of enormous value

on a very thin line

based upon any flavor and frequency

of energy

and there's really nothing like that

why does that make the network secure

well

bitcoin miners um are continually

looking for new energy sources and

they're negotiating for cheap energy and

when they buy it they become a big

customer

so

as they become customers of energy

producers everywhere in the world

the energy producers

uh become political allies of bitcoin

[Music]

so the energy producers are all

regulated entities but they're all very

credible and they're all and they all

are wired in the political fabric of

every society

so

if you are if you are the best customer

of the utility in the city or the state

or the country then that utility has a

vested interest in protecting your

interest

so

bitcoin co-ops energy companies and also

bitcoin is hope

for a utility if you're a

value stock

100 year old utility company

you're not getting a high multiple in in

the stock market

there's not a lot of excitement in fact

you're regulated and there are limits on

how much money you can make

by selling your energy to consumers or

to businesses you know if if the power

company in new york city just jacked the

price of energy by a factor of three

they would get shut down by their

regulators

on the other hand

uh if you get in the bitcoin mining

business

right

you don't have those those kind of

regulations on you so so bitcoin is is a

chance for

energy companies to become technology

companies

and it solves so many of their problems

um i can generate more

revenue check i can generate i can

generate revenue at much higher

price per kilowatt hour it's a very high

price

customer the value and use of

electricity for bitcoin miner is higher

than any other customer they have so

that's good check

it's portable

and uh so that means every place i've

got stranded energy production

facilities i can move the bitcoin mine

to the energy check that's interesting

it's a it's an energy shock absorber

if i have um

a renewable energy network

say with wind and solar

what i want to do is i want to build it

to the level of peak demand but if i

build at the level of peak demand i will

over build it by a factor of two or more

and that means i'll be running a 50

utilization

for my consumer and other industrial

customers

so how am i going to find a customer

that's willing to actually take up half

of my energy production

and then turn off

for 10 hours a year or 20 hours a year

when there's a brownout without

complaining

right the hospital is not going to do

that yeah yeah yeah homes aren't going

to do that

so

i need some kind of industrial producer

that becomes a shock absorber

they're going to drive up my utilization

in 98

and then when i brown out they're going

to turn off and give back energy to the

network

so

bitcoin represents a

a

a driver for the development of

sustainable and renewable energy

it also represents

a um a technology to provide more

reliability and fault tolerance to a

power grid

right

and um

you know if you think about the role of

capacitors or batteries or shock

absorbers

in in electrical machines or mechanical

machines yeah

that's what bitcoin is for

a power network right right right

let me ask you so

you describe money as

energy socio-political energy um

and so in that framework i guess we

could consider banks historically where

they were actually providing custody of

gold

they were kind of like

energy stores in a way right we're

storing this excess productive economic

energy in gold that banks were

custodying for us

and now with bitcoin we have this more

direct path to monetizing energy

and so what i think about here is

there's kind of this interesting

um thing where you know you've heard of

a power bank like these little devices

that will charge your phone or whatever

it stores energy so it's like banks and

power banks do you see

the energy

users

and banks somehow converging because it

seems like you kind of on a bitcoin

standard you eliminate the need for a

custodial bank

they become kind of synonymous with

energy producers do you see those

industries coming together in the future

well i mean i

i think once you understand

that a bank

is storing monetary energy

then you've got a bank of batteries the

storing electrical energy

and then bitcoin is sitting in the

middle it's encrypting the energy from

electrical energy

into monetary energy

and so

in one hand it's upgrading the raw

the raw physical energy

through the encryption process

and then on the other hand

it's uh it's digitally transforming

analog fiat energy

into encrypted money

digital money

and um

[Music]

that makes bitcoin a bank

an energy bank a monetary bank

it makes it the the world's greatest

battery

right i mean you could you could look at

it from two angles right banks are

bleeding off one percent of your energy

a month you know due to inflation

batteries are bleeding off one percent

of your electrical energy a month

just due to battery

you know engineering

you've got two you've got two

inefficient energy systems

batteries and power grids don't work

that well

and fiat banks and monetary grades don't

work that well

and bitcoin plus lightning

gives you

a battery to store all the world's

energy forever without power loss

and the other day i sent a thousand sats

on the lightning network and in one

second for one set

so you know literally you've got speed

of light

nearly

you know what is the cost of one set

right if it's such an infinitesimally

small number a fraction of a fraction of

a penny yeah if that

so bitcoin's a very efficient

energy system

um

i think that the significance here is

that bitcoin is just is disruptive

technology for the entire energy market

and it's co-opting the energy producers

and energy investors

into bitcoin

what you see right now is you see a lot

of um

you see a lot of

traditional power companies that used to

be in the energy business they're

getting into bitcoin mining

people with natural gas people in the

nuclear in

industry people in the wind and solar

industry

they're getting into bitcoin mining or

they're partnering with bitcoin mines

so bitcoin recruited

energy capital

and bitcoin secures the network with

hundreds and hundreds of of producers of

energy are plugged in the bitcoin

network

creating that hash wall

so that's the first layer of security

for bitcoin

and if you're going to attack it

you know it's no small feat

to go and and collect that much energy

you almost can't you can you're not

going to collect twice as much energy or

as much energy as is currently in the

bitcoin mining network

politically economically practically i

just don't know how you would do it

right right right very very problematic

so that

and there's no shortcut right

in that regard

there's uh there's an energy wall

and uh you have to jump over it

and uh and it's a lot you know at the

point where you're talking about 100

terawatt hours of energy or something

it's a lot of energy

so that the second layer though is

technology and this i don't think people

really understand that well and when i

talk about technology i'm referring to

the to bitcoin asic miners

you know

bitcoin is a wall of encrypted energy so

the energy is the first part but the

encrypting the encryption the crypto is

the second part the crypto wall of

energy it's not raw energy

if it was raw energy you just need a

hundred terawatt hours to start to get

parity

but when it's encrypted energy

i need i need uh 100 exahash of shaw 256

mining equipment

and since it's like 10 000

miners

right to get to an extra hash right now

okay then that's a hun that's a million

a million mining rigs

of the latest build

how do you come up with a million mining

rigs

you know it's like it's not no one's got

a million mining rigs sitting around i

mean it's not clear how long it would

take to manufacture a million mining

rigs right

bitcoins co-opting technology companies

so bit you know bit main is a big player

but but there are other big players too

and and as bitcoin gets larger i think

you'll see the intel's of the world and

you'll see you know you'll see other

semiconductor companies

designing bitcoin mining rigs and

getting into space

and and um

this is another example where this is

open and competitive

you know who wants it the most

whoever wants it and what capital you

need this is semiconductor fabrication

capital you have to fabricate these a6

the s19 family is five times more

efficient than the s9s

so if you wanted to generate an exah

on the s9 family it took 150 megawatts

of power

that's a lot of power

if you wanted to do it with s19s it's 30

megawatts of power

a 5x difference in a generation

if you get through two or two

generations every 10 years or three

right you know you're talking about 20x

improvement

i mean we're we're 100x more technically

efficient today than we were eight years

ago where will we be in 10 more years

we go back and forth right there's all

sorts of people with opinions there's

moore's law some people think that asic

basic technology efficiency will slow

down but then again people been

predicting

that we would hit a wall in moore's law

for a while and they're still not quite

right

when you when you understand the bitcoin

network what you can think is that the

bitcoin mining network 10 years ago

was very energy intensive and technology

poor

there's a time when you were just using

off-the-shelf chips and then you were

using gpus

and then you were using asic first

generation and then asic next generation

so we're like five generations into this

now

in the early time frame you through

think about it you throw a probably a

thousand times if not a million times as

much energy to generate a hash

right

and now you're throwing 30 megawatts to

generate an extra hash

but we'll get to the next generation

will be five megawatts and then what

happens when we get to one megawatt

well so as you go out

energy is still important

but it turns out the tech that the

network is rotating from energy

intensive security

to technology intensive security right

right

like what it what if you imagine one day

there will be 10 million mining rigs but

they'll be seventh generation asics and

they will be a hundred times more

efficient than anything we have today

what that means is that 99 of the hash

power will come from that generation of

mining rigs

which means that all this stuff that we

have today

becomes one percent of the network right

yep

which means it gets squeezed out of the

ecosystem right all those miners that

are obsolete go out of business

and so that technology

intensity has a couple of dynamics one

one is that's what keeps the network

from consuming all the energy in the

world

right i mean people say silly things

like oh well the energy usage is going

to increase with the price well no it's

not

the energy usage maybe will increase

with the log of the price

that is if the price goes up by a factor

of 10 energy usage might go up by a

factor of two

and if price goes up by a factor of a

hundred energy uses might go up by a

factor of three or four

but what you've got is a situation where

the halvings are cutting the block

reward in half every four years

so that's a built-in

you know a built-in uh 5x improvement in

efficiency every decade

and then if you crank over that another

10x

improvement in hardware

you're talking about a 50 times

improvement in tech efficiency in a

decade

or 50 times 50

in 20 years

right so the price has got to go way up

and even so what you've got is a

rotation the network is rotating from

i burn a lot of energy to generate my

hashes do i burn less energy to i burn

less energy to generate more hashes

it's not hard to see this right it's

it's in your iphone your iphone has more

processing power than the space shuttle

had yeah 40 years right right you've got

a

cooper computer in your pocket

so

you got to assume

that the security chips that generate

the hashes just keep getting better

and because bitcoin is unique in the

protocol

all of the other processing power is

irrelevant right bitcoin is a darwinian

competition

to um to generate

shaw 256 hashes

it's 95

dominant in that game right now right i

mean

there's a few other crypto networks that

use that but they're like one or two

percent yeah

so that's that

uniqueness with regard to the

proof-of-work protocol

protects it

from an attack from all of the aws

network or all the google network or if

if everybody turned their iphones at

bitcoin mining it wouldn't help them

that much right yeah

[Music]

so is the common

the theme here between the energy layer

of security and the technology layer of

security

is that bitcoin you said bitcoin's

essentially co-opting these industries

so it's incentivizing

[Music]

um it's a source of demand for energy

that's basically unquenchable

and it's a source of demand for

semiconductors

for specialized mining semiconductors

specialized

mining so much markets

yeah people think well 50 60 of the

miners cost is going to energy

well actually the miners are spending

money on energy and they're spending

money on

semiconductor mining rigs yeah and then

they're spending money on the mining

centers themselves the heat sink the

heat engineer and the generators and

right like

so there's a competition and the

question is are you better off having

inefficient miners and more and cheap

power are you better off having

efficient miners and expensive power

right and do they coexist that was my

next question is do the so that the

new generation miners go to the more

expensive energy sources and then the

older generations roll off to cheaper

energy sources

and they both operate well you've got

like three generations of miners right

like people are running old inefficient

miners in china on free power

and then there and then in the us and

north america publicly traded miners are

buying

the latest generation expensive miners

because

their power is more expensive but they

have more capital

if i have 500 million in capital

like uh

spend 60 million dollars by 10 000 s 19s

mine one exahash on 30 megawatts and

make 120 million dollars a year

good deal probably good deal right

so in that case

you would rather you would rather buy

the better equipment and i think you'll

find at any given time there's like two

to there's three generations of mining

equipment

when the price goes high if you look at

the hash rate of the network back in um

the first quarter

there was a point when the hash rate got

to like

190 or something

and i thought the peak was 170 but there

was a surge up by about 10 or 15 exahash

and i posit that that surge was because

people turned on third generation

mining equipment like like the oldest

least efficient stuff and it

you there's a way there's a relationship

an s19 is generating

40 cents a kilowatt hour right now

ergo it is profitable to buy in

electricity up to 39 cents kilowatt hour

and s9

was five times more inefficient so

s9s were profitable at eight cents a

kilowatt hour

but if you go back one generation before

that if you're if you're five times less

efficient than that you're profitable at

one and a half cents

a kilowatt hour so the break-even point

is a function of the semiconductor yeah

or the joules per terahash right right

and that's a technology driver it's not

an energy driver yeah and and most of

the people that model bitcoin mining

they don't really focus upon the

technical efficiency of the miners

and by miner i don't just mean the one

mining rig i just mean the mining

operator that has a mixture of first

generation second generation third

generation equipment yeah

the price you know and you may turn off

like if the price of bitcoin went to uh

five thousand dollars a coin right now

people would probably turn off the old

mining equipment

if they had to unless the energy was

free

right

you can bootleg bitcoin on free energy

if you're steering the energy but if the

energy costs three cents a kilowatt hour

you're going to you're going to turn off

your old equipment you're going to keep

the new equipment running

and that's a that's an adaptive

correcting system itself when the price

goes up you're going to turn on the old

equipment

yep

and over time though these are these are

transient phenomenon

because the more important phenomena to

focus on is that over a decade

the technical efficiency of the mining

network is going to increase by a factor

of

20 to 100.

depending upon the rate at which people

upgrade the semiconductors and

you know there are a lot of ways you can

enter into the network and you can

disrupt equilibrium

one way is as a nation state you can

start mining off of a volcano

the other way is is you can design a

totally new family of asics

so you know

maybe intel or apple wants to get into

space they could disrupt it

a big energy producer could disrupt it

right now the limiting factor is the

number of mining rigs you get your hands

on that's good

right um that crates

that creates some um predictability to

it yeah

and uh that keeps that keeps us from

going chaotic

so

if you look at these two layers of

security right the energy layer is

co-opting energy providers all around

the world and the technology

dimension is co-opting semiconductor

manufacturers

and if one of them like bitmain gets too

much power

you know jeff bezos uh famous line

your margin is my opportunity

right yeah

right so if uh if one company gets too

much power then

well this is not terribly complicated

engineering i mean

you know it's well understood how to

design shaw 256 a6 there's a capitalism

difficult to adjust

yeah yeah and

there are a lot of companies like

qualcomm intel

when they get squeezed they need a new

market

this is a new market for them at the

price you know

as the price goes up and and the

interesting thing of course is if

there's um if there's only one provider

of shaw 256 miners bit main

doesn't that create an artificial

scarcity to uh hash rate

and if it if there is a scarcity to hash

rate doesn't the price go you know the

profitability of bitcoin miners goes up

right

you know and so if the profitability of

bitcoin miners goes up then don't more

people want to get in the business and

if more people want to get in the

business don't they need to buy bitcoin

mining rigs and if they need to buy it

and there's infinite money don't they go

and find someone else to

break that monopoly

right

so

so energy and technology are are a key

part of the equation

but they're not the only part of the

equation because

if i want to generate hashes i have to

set up a bitcoin mining facility

there's physical nexus i have to do it

in iceland or el salvador

or canada or texas

and i you know you

you could probably run

your stake validator on a secret machine

in your basement

but you can't run a you know 150

megawatt facility on a secret

license you need the support of the

mayor the county

the governor

you know you could look at this as a

negative it isn't it's a positive

what it means is that bitcoin miners are

knocking on doors

everywhere in the universe and they're

looking for supported political

jurisdictions

you know if new york city doesn't want

to mine bitcoin maybe texas does

maybe florida does maybe wyoming does

right and so if china doesn't well then

maybe kazakhstan does

in fact the more irrational one country

is the more

appealing bitcoin mining is to the

others right

when china actually cracked down on

bitcoin mining the revenues of bitcoin

miners doubled the profits

quadrupled

and the incentive to get in the mining

business

jumped

and uh so

what you have is an interesting dynamic

where bitcoin miners partner with energy

companies and they partner with

technology companies but they also

partner with political jurisdictions and

politicians

and this is an interesting situation too

because this is so darwinian um what

happens if you're a bitcoin miner and

you set up a billion dollar bitcoin

mining rig in new york city and then his

new mayor and he outlaws bitcoin money

what happens to your capital

and because they have skin in the game

that means that they have to do their

due diligence and they've got a long

time horizon

a person that's mining bitcoin

is um is looking out five years looking

out to you kind of want to be in a

jurisdiction where you think that a

decade from now you'll still be able to

mine bitcoin

and so

it forces you uh to be more thoughtful

you know and the next step is well i

just invested hundreds of millions of

dollars in this county i guess i'd

probably better contribute to the county

election and get the county the mayor

elected right

right

you put down roots

because you have a vested interest

because you have something to lose

so the bitcoin mining network actually

becomes

a political lobbying network for bitcoin

um

interesting

and then every politician that has a

bitcoin mine has tax revenue

has you know when new york wanted to

ban bitcoin mining

that was blocked by a politician

because the politician got a letter from

the union

and the union said

you know we're going to lose jobs

so all the money

all the money that flows into creating

mining centers

creates jobs creates tax revenue

supports politicians

you know creates massive revenues for

engineering companies for uh for real

estate companies for landlords you know

et cetera it's good for the local

economy bitcoin brings prosperity

anywhere on earth

you know you might be a limousine

liberal in the upper east side and not

like the use of electricity

you know on the other hand but if you're

living in the middle of central africa

and you have evol if you have a volcano

or you have a waterfall you know and 90

of your population is living below the

poverty level and there is no industry

and someone shows up and offers to like

give you billions of dollars if they can

attach a windmill

to your waterfall right or turbine to

your waterfall how do you feel about

situation yeah

yeah it's it's incentivizing

everyone to interact with it

in a way that you know contributes to

and i would argue ultimately ensures its

success that that's the key that's the

thing is so hard to get your head around

here is like it's not even

it's not something that's being imposed

it's really just it's a game theory

that's turned on people so people in a

way have become a core component

of the bitcoin system it's like we you

know at every level we're incentivized

to

help it proliferate

100 megawatts is worth 300 million

dollars a year

netflix is not going to show up in el

salvador and offer them 300 million

dollars a year in order to run a data

center plugged into a volcano right

google is not going to show up in zambia

central africa and offer them 300

million dollars a year to run a google

data center

it's not going to happen

so what you have is bitcoin is hope for

energy

it is hope for your semiconductor

company it is hope for your political

jurisdiction

it solves a problem

and because it can go anywhere

right it can go anywhere on earth with a

satellite uplink

it's uh probably a more compelling

solution to someone that has natural

resources in a poor country

even than in a wealthy country

and what you end up with

is a

a self-distributing dynamically

distributing bitcoin mining network

and it is solved for the problem

where do i find the cheapest energy in a

politically supportive jurisdiction

that's the problem you're solving for

that's not the same as the cheapest

energy

it has to be it has to be cheap energy

from an energy provider you trust in a

political jurisdiction you trust

okay what's the answer well the answer

is a dynamic equilibrium right it's

changing every single

week right yeah

you know it was different three years

ago three years ago there was free

electricity in provinces that had empty

you know excess coal

electricity capacity in china

and so you could get

effectively free energy

okay it was free but it wasn't

politically stable

now you can go to a politically stable

place like texas and pay three cents or

maybe you can get it for one penny in

kazakhstan

you know or maybe you can go some other

random place you could go to cuba or you

could get a bootleg thing in the jungle

from some warlord yeah for how long

but

while the big

the bitcoin mining network is

continually distributing itself

and it's organic it's just like asking

the question when we settle around the

around the earth where should we settle

that we will be able to make a living

and we won't suffer from famine

or tornado

and the answer is you don't know

i mean until you've lived 100 years you

don't know that place floods yeah

what's the likelihood of an earthquake

in your favorite place well

you'll find out so what happens well the

network distributes itself

some people make good choices some

people make unwise choices you know this

is back to anti-fragile or the like you

make really awful choices you'll

probably be put out of business within

36 months

if you make okay choices you might last

three to ten years

and then maybe there are other choices

where you'll be good for a hundred years

but maybe you're better off to go to the

place where you're good for six years

where the energy is one penny instead of

the place where you're good for a

hundred years where the energy is five

pennies

and maybe we could debate it

and maybe you have an opinion we can

argue to the cows come home but what

does it matter

it's better it's better just to release

the entire um

the entire creature

let the entire world work in a darwinian

adam smith

you know evolutionary fashion a

competitive way and um

often

you know the lesson of the markets is

there the market is smarter than anybody

yes

you know you know every time i think

about what i knew half the time i

thought i knew it and i was wrong and

sometimes i was right but

the market generally outsmarts the

smartest person

so bitcoin mining

is a dynamic market in security and it's

shopping

it's balancing energy

versus technology versus uh political

support

and that takes us to the fourth layer of

security which is you know go ahead you

got a question yeah let me ask you one

question about that so

it is shopping all of these dimensions

but it's also stabilizing them and i

wonder does that apply to politics as